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GST Primary GST Primary Best Strategies for Health Care Quality Im... Best Strategies for Health Care Quality Improvement - Diabetes Quality Improvement Strategies for Antibio... Kathryn McDonald, Stanford-UCSF Evidence-b... Systematic review assessing the effect of ... Quality Improvement Strategies for Antibiotics Management Kathryn McDonald, Stanford-UCSF Evidence-based Practice Center, 117 Encina Commons, Stanford, CA 94305-6019, Kathy.mcdonald@stanford.edu Systematic review assessing the effect of quality improvement strategies on appropriate prescribing of antibiotics and appropriate choice of antibiotics. Adherence Adherence Assistive Devices Assistive Devices Childhood Burn Hanson MacMillan Childhood Burn Hanson MacMillan CLSA_9 CLSA_9 Cyberabuse Cyberabuse Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Violent ... This review included randomized trials abo... Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Violent Men who Batter Their Partners This review included randomized trials about the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy on domestic violence. The intervention included programs based on the Duluth Model. The violence had to be committed by a male toward his female partner. The violence also had to be physical. The primary outcomes were new arrests and convictions, and new reports of violence. CABG vs PCI CABG vs PCI Quality Improvement Strategies for Prevent... Quality Improvement Strategies for Preventing Nosocomial Infections (Created 17-Feb-06) Quality Improvement Strategies for Asthma ... Quality Improvement Strategies for Asthma Control Erectile Dysfunction (Created 30-Jan-06) Erectile Dysfunction (Created 30-Jan-06) Inequality - Smoking Cessation to Reduce S... This review was the first part of a projec... Inequality - Smoking Cessation to Reduce Socio-Economic Differences This review was the first part of a project about inequality. It included randomized trials about the effect of smoking cessation interventions on reducing socio-economic differences. The studies had to report data either on persons with low socio-economic groups status or, preferably, on both low and high socio-economic groups. Diet and Physical Activity to Reduce Socio... This review was the second part in a proje... Diet and Physical Activity to Reduce Socio-Economic Differences This review was the second part in a project about inequality. It included randomized trials about the effect of interventions on reducing socio-economic differences in diet and physical activity. The studies had to report data either on persons with low socio-economic groups status or, preferably, on both low and high socio-economic groups. Workfare The data in SRS are not identical to the d... Workfare The data in SRS are not identical to the data in the published report. We used SRS only for an updated search. The review included randomized trials about the effect of welfare-to-work programs. Participants were welfare recipients. There were basically two types of programs. The educational type tried to build knowledge and skills in order to help the welfare recipients acquire jobs that could support them economically. The "work first" approach was more aimed at getting the participants quickly into a job. Exercise interventions for the management ... The objective of this systematic review wa... Exercise interventions for the management of frailty The objective of this systematic review was to examine the effectiveness of current exercise interventions on the management of frailty. A comprehensive search of Medline, Embase, Psycinfo, Cinahl, Scopus, Ageline, Eric, and SportDiscus databases was conducted and produced 1808 citations. So far we have completed 2 levels of “title and abstract” screening and we ended up with 262 articles. We have just started the full text screening. Eligibility criteria included original studies whose participants were identified as frail or prefrail with specific criteria and in which structured physical activity was included as at least one component of the intervention. Create a free account, build a dictionary with saved terms to re-use later! Public Domestic Violence - Using Cognitive Behavior Therapy Smoking Cessation to Reduce Socio-Economic Differences Diet and Physical Activity to Reduce Socio-Economic Differences Workfare Exercise Interventions for the Management of Frailty Search     Simple Advanced Refine (6 coded questions)  Any of these:   Exact Phrase: All of these: None of these: Author: Periodical: Projects: No restrictions   Libraries: Public   Select SRS Projects Show Saved Terms Select Library Show articles that do not have abstracts  Humans or Animals Humans Animals Type of Article Clinical Trial Editorial Letter Meta-Analysis Practice Guideline Randomized Controlled Trial Review Addresses Bibliography Biography Case Reports Classical Article Clinical Conference Clinical Trial, Phase I Clinical Trial, Phase II Clinical Trial, Phase III Clinical Trial, Phase IV Comment Comparative Study Consensus Development Conference Consensus Development Conference, NIH Controlled Clinical Trial Corrected and Republished Article Dictionary Directory Duplicate Publication English Abstract Evaluation Studies Festschrift Government Publications Guideline Historical Article Interview In Vitro Journal Article Lectures Legal Cases Legislation Multicenter Study News Newspaper Article Overall Patient Education Handout Periodical Index Published Erratum Retracted Publication Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 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Retraction of Publication Scientific Integrity Review Support of Research Technical Report Twin Study Validation Studies Not a Primary Study or Review Unknown Primary Study Case Series Case Control Cohort Study Observational Study Qualitative Research CBA or ITS Registry Double Blind Controlled before after study Quasi-randomized trial Simple before after study Cluster-RCT Non-Randomized Study Report Book Book chapter Dissertation Conference procedings Secondary Research Not RCT Ages All Infant: birth-23 months All Child: 0-18 years All Adult: 19+ years Newborn: birth-1 month Infant: 1-23 months Preschool Child: 2-5 years Child: 6-12 years Adolescent: 13-18 years Adult: 19-44 years Middle Aged: 45-64 years Middle Aged + Aged: 45+ years Aged: 65+ years 80 and over: 80+ years Undetermined Language English French German Italian Japanese Russian Spanish Afrikaans Albanian Unknown Arabic Armenian Azerbaijani Bosnian Bulgarian Catalan Chinese Croatian Czech Danish Dutch Esperanto Estonian Finnish Georgian Greek, Modern Hebrew Hindi Hungarian Icelandic Indonesian Kinyarwanda Korean Latin Latvian Lithuanian Macedonian Malay Malayalam Maori Multiple Languages Norwegian Persian Polish Portuguese Pushto Romanian Sanskrit Scottish gaelic Serbian Slovak Slovenian Swedish Thai Turkish Ukrainian Vietnamese Not English Not French Intervention Patient education Communication and counselling Patient involvement through self-monitoring Reminders Reinforcement or rewards Other (e.g. combined education and reminders) Unknown Educational Materials Group threrapy Couples threrapy Individual threrapy Healthy eating Increased physical activity Not Diet or Exercise Welfare-to-work program Patient Demograhics Welfare recipients Unknown Not on welfare Mean Age Percent high school diploma Percent GED or high school diploma Mean number of years of education Results(1-25 of 25,000) Sort By: Publication Date Relevance Took: 3.806 seconds to search 17,750,454  Action: Copy Results to new Clipboard Build Search Link Page 1 of 1000 1 2 3 4 > Last >> (25000 articles found) Fat supplementation of human milk for promoting growth in preterm infants 2000 Kuschel, C. A. and Harding, J. E. BACKGROUND: For term infants, human milk provides adequate nutrition to facilitate growth, as well as potential beneficial effects on immunity and the maternal-infant emotional state. However, the role of human milk in premature infants is less well defined as it contains insufficient quantities of... ( view more ) some nutrients to meet the estimated needs of the infant. There are potential short term and long term benefits from human milk, although observational studies have suggested that infants fed formula have a higher rate of growth than infants who are breast fed. OBJECTIVES: The main objective is to determine if addition of supplemental fat to human milk leads to improved growth and neurodevelopmental outcomes without significant adverse effects in preterm infants. SEARCH STRATEGY: The standard search strategy of the Cochrane Neonatal Collaborative Review Group was used. This includes searches of the Oxford Database of Perinatal Trials, MEDLINE (1966-Apr 2002), Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2002), previous reviews including cross references, abstracts, conferences and symposia proceedings, expert informants, journal handsearching mainly in the English language. SELECTION CRITERIA: All trials utilizing random or quasi-random allocation to supplementation of human milk with fat or no supplementation in preterm infants within a hospital were eligible. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were extracted using the standard methods of the Cochrane Neonatal Collaborative Review Group, with separate evaluation of trial quality and data extraction by each author and synthesis of data using relative risk and weighted mean difference. MAIN RESULTS: Results are available for only one small study evaluating the effects of fat supplementation. There are insufficient data to evaluate short term or long term growth outcomes and neurodevelopmental outcomes. There are insufficient data to comment on potential adverse effects. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is insufficient evidence to make recommendations for practice. Further research should evaluate the practice of supplementation of human milk with fat. This may best be done in the context of the development of multicomponent fortifiers. Both short term growth outcomes and long term growth and neurodevelopmental outcomes should be evaluated. Adverse effects should be evaluated. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: Fat supplements of human milk to promote growth in preterm infantsHuman breast milk provides good nutrition for term infants for growth and has benefits for immunity and maternal-infant bonding. It may, however, contain insufficient quantities of some nutrients and calories to meet the needs for adequate growth of an infant born prematurely unless fed in large volumes. Fats provide approximately half of the calories in human milk and the milk contains components (bile-salt stimulated lipase) that help digest the fat. The fat component in some commercial human milk fortifiers is often in very low quantities because of concerns that preterm infants will deposit fat tissue to a greater extent than when in the uterus. They also have relatively poor digestion and absorption of fat with their immature digestive systems. Supplementing with medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), which are more easily digested than long-chain fats, may provide a ready source of energy for preterm infants for growth and neuronal development. The review authors searched the medical literature and found only one small randomised controlled trial (14 infants) investigating the effectiveness of human milk fat supplements with vitamins and minerals (calcium and phosphate). Growth was similar with and without fat supplement over the short study period. One infant in the fat supplement group developed feeding intolerance and there were no reports of damaging inflammation of the gut (necrotizingenterocolitis) ( view less ) View Full Abstract View Article Details   Related Articles Human rights and human dignity in the resolution of certain ethical questions in biomedicine. 2001 S Wheatley As medical technology develops, new issues are raised as to how the use of this technology may comply or conflict with existing human rights standards and values. This article considers the application of human rights standards, and in particular the jurisprudence under Article 8 of the European Co... ( view more )nvention on Human Rights, to the trade in human body organs, the selection of the sex of prospective children, and human reproductive cloning. The current domestic law and regulatory framework is examined, as well as international regulation of this area by the Council of Europe Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine. The author considers how the balance is to be struck between the ethical objections to many developments in biomedicine, and individual self-determination. It is suggested that, in order to be justified, any limitations on individual self-determination in the use of this new medical technology, should have a basis in the protection of human dignity. ( view less ) View Full Abstract View Article Details View Coded Data Related Articles Women, reproductive health and international human rights. 1999 This article addresses the issue concerning the reproductive health and international human rights of women. The modern era of human rights applied to women's health started with the adoption of the UN Charter in 1946 and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the General Assembly in... ( view more ) 1948. However, the leading instrument of women's equal rights is the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women adopted in 1979. This treaty assumed the legal responsibility to eradicate all forms of discrimination against women, particularly in the field of health care, thus ensuring that women will have access to health and family planning services. The concept of health as "the state of physical, mental and social well-being" as described by WHO emphasizes the significance of the social well-being in which the social, cultural, and economic factors plays a pivotal role in women's health status. In other parts of the world however, women are considered as relatively insignificant and are made to suffer discrimination in health because of their sex role. Such disadvantages against the female gender include injustices in the light of human rights law, particularly in the context of reproductive health services. Addressing the health disadvantages of women calls for actions gearing towards the promotion of women's empowerment. Efforts to advance the reproductive health through human rights of women should be rooted on the existing framework of human rights as recognized in most national constitutions and international human rights treaties. ( view less ) View Full Abstract View Article Details View Coded Data Related Articles Human rights and the environment. Jun 1995 B R Johnston This article discusses human environmental rights, obstacles to community autonomy, and progress toward achieving environmental justice. An overview is provided of human environmental abuse case studies that are included in this issue of the "Human Ecology" journal. UN human rights include, for i... ( view more )nstance, the right to an adequate standard of living, education, culture, equality, dignity, and security of the person and family. Human environmental rights abuse occurs because people live in the wrong place and because national needs are given priority over individual and community concerns. Abuse occurs because it is socially, culturally, and legally acceptable to protect the health of some people, while knowingly placing others at risk. Human environmental rights abuse occurs because of the present approach to defining and minimizing risk and the emphasis on short-term solutions. Immoral actions become socially responsible when the physical distance between those who live with adverse consequences and those who decide courses of action are great. Distancing mechanisms include decision makers who are removed from the reality of their decisions, employment frameworks and analytical methods that intellectually distance policy makers from reality, and abusive action within a broad ethnocentric framework. The environment has become a commodity controlled and manipulated by global market forces. The centralization of authority and capital acts to devalue the power of the community over its environment, to imply that the state has the power over decision making, and to increase distances between decisions and outcomes. The case studies strongly illustrate the key role of the community in maintaining resource integrity and the increasing alienation of the community from local resources as a result of development. Structural rearrangements of power come about through the struggles of community-based movements and supportive national and international politics. ( view less ) View Full Abstract View Article Details View Coded Data Related Articles Recent deliberations on the case of human fetal oocytes and on pregnancies in post-menopausal women by the British Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority. Jan 1995 The UK Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) has recently been considering several ethical and social dimensions of new aspects of assisted human reproduction. These have included sex selection, IVF treatment for single and lesbian women, black women receiving eggs from white donors a... ( view more )nd the two issues presented in this article. The first of these is the use of oocytes from human fetal ovaries; the report issued by the Authority is presented below. The second is the establishment of pregnancies in post-menopausal women. ( view less ) View Full Abstract View Article Details View Coded Data Related Articles The UK Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990--how well is it functioning? Sep 1994 B A Lieberman,P L Matson,F Hamer The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act became law in the UK in 1990, and a statutory body, the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority, was established to administer the Act. The opinions of those persons responsible for licensed activity under the Act were canvassed anonymously to assess ... ( view more )the initial effect of the Act on their activities, and the administration of the Act by the 'Authority'. The views expressed reflect the opinions of 80% of the 'responsible persons' and are thus likely to be of value to those responsible for administration of the Act and also those planning legislation in this field of human endeavour. ( view less ) View Full Abstract View Article Details View Coded Data Related Articles Human genome research and the public interest: progress notes from an American science policy experiment. Jan 1994 E T Juengst This essay reviews the efforts of the U.S. Human Genome Project to anticipate and address the ethical, legal, and social implications of new advances in human genetics. Since 1990, approximately $10 million has been awarded by the National Institutes of Health and the Department of Energy, in suppo... ( view more )rt of 65 research, education, and public discussion projects. These projects address four major areas of need: (1) the need for both client-centered assessments of new genetic services and for improved knowledge of the psychosocial and ethnocultural factors that shape clients' clinical genetic experiences; (2) the need for clear professional policies regarding human-subject research, clinical practice standards, and public health goals in human genetics; (3) the need for social policy protection against unfair access to and use of personal genetic information; and (4) the need for improved public and professional understanding and discussion of these issues. The Human Genome Project's goal is to have defined, by 1995, policy options and programs capable of addressing these needs. ( view less ) View Full Abstract View Article Details View Coded Data Related Articles Bioethics for human geneticists: models for reasoning and methods for teaching. Jan 1994 L S Parker The ethical issues raised by the Human Genome Project (HGP) and by human genetics in general are not entirely novel. In fact, the ethical issues surrounding genetic research and the provision of genetic services fit into the evolution of bioethics, a field of inquiry which has its roots in concerns... ( view more ) of the 1970s, concerns about the dignity and self-determination of individuals and about the development of medical technologies. Although bioethics has been largely occupied with patient-centered concerns, attention is currently shifting toward socially oriented issues, such as the justice of the existing health-care system. Genetic counseling has already incorporated many of the lessons of early bioethics and, as a profession, adheres to a consultand-centered ethic which reflects the values incorporated into the doctrine of informed consent, which is a cornerstone of bioethics. The mandate of the Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications Program of the HGP--to anticipate ethical problems arising from advances in genetics and to educate the public about genetics--reflects not only the nonpaternalistic approach of early bioethics but also bioethics' increasing attention to the ethical import of systemic and institutional factors, as well as an anticipatory and preventive approach to dealing with ethical concerns. Because bioethics has so much to contribute to current consideration of ethical issues in human genetics, it is important to provide training in ethics to those working in the field. Guidelines for using a case-oriented approach are suggested. ( view less ) View Full Abstract View Article Details View Coded Data Related Articles Discussion points to consider in research related to the human genome. Aug 1993 C R Mac Kay The advances in DNA technology and molecular genetics, spurred by the Human Genome Project, have created new challenges for human subjects research and the system of institutional review board (IRB) review. The populations to be studied are vulnerable because of genetic diseases or risk for them; u... ( view more )ntil now, IRB review has concentrated on overt physical and medical hazards. Attention to the interests of individuals and families participating in, or affected by, research on the human genome frames the agenda for IRB deliberations and suggests the information to be conveyed to prospective participants. By a series of questions, this article explores how human genome research involves a distinct paradigm in human subjects research with its own imperatives for researchers and IRBs. ( view less ) View Full Abstract View Article Details View Coded Data Related Articles Selective abortion and gene therapy: reflections on human limits. 1991 S G Post The potential impact of the Human Genome Project on selective abortion is considered here, as is human gene therapy. Themes of emphasis are broadly humanistic: human suffering, contingency, and perfection. The chief concerns of the article lie with selective abortion for less than serious reasons, ... ( view more )and with the importance of avoiding efforts to "enhance" human beings by gene transfer methods. The style is widely interdisciplinary. ( view less ) View Full Abstract View Article Details View Coded Data Related Articles Human gene therapy: ethics and public policy. 1991 L Walters The first three human gene transfer/therapy clinical protocols are now underway after having been subjected to an extensive review process by the Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee (RAC) and its Human Gene Therapy Subcommittee. The "Points to Consider" document developed by the RAC established the ... ( view more )framework for evaluating genetic intervention protocols. This review process is taking place in a broader social context. Public attitude surveys in this country have indicated a general lack of knowledge in the area of genetic engineering but an acceptance of somatic-cell gene therapy as treatment for disease. Internationally, numerous policy statements on human genetic intervention have been published, all of which support the moral legitimacy of somatic-cell gene therapy for the cure of disease. The debate over the ethical issues related to somatic-cell gene therapy has evolved over a ten-year-period. The time has now come to begin a formal public process for the ethical assessment of germ-line genetic intervention. ( view less ) View Full Abstract View Article Details View Coded Data Related Articles Legal regulation of human gene therapy. 1990 J Areen,P King The adequacy of existing legal mechanisms to regulate clinical trials of human gene therapy is examined. Existing legal controls include the federal Guidelines for Research Involving Recombinant DNA Molecules and federal regulations for the protection of human subjects. Another significant mechanis... ( view more )m is provided by judicial oversight, i.e., judicial decisions involving recombinant DNA research. Human gene therapy does raise new issues that still must be resolved. At least two weaknesses exist in the present regulatory system: first, Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee (RAC) only has authority over federally funded research, not work done with private support, and second, RAC is not mandated to focus on difficult ethical issues, e.g., germ-line therapy, that arise from human genetic engineering technology. ( view less ) View Full Abstract View Article Details View Coded Data Related Articles The perceived utility of human and automated aids in a visual detection task 2002 Dzindolet, M. T., Pierce, L. G., Beck, H. P., and Dawe, L. A. Although increases in the use of automation have occurred across society, research has found that human operators often underutilize (disuse) and overly rely on (misuse) automated aids (R. Parasuraman & V. Riley, 1997). Nearly 275 Cameron University students participated in 1 of 3 experiments perfo... ( view more )rmed to examine the effects of perceived utility (M. T. Dzindolet, H. P. Beck, L. G. Pierce, & L. A. Dawe, 2001) on automation use in a visual detection task and to compare reliance on automated aids with reliance on humans. Results revealed a bias for human operators to rely on themselves. Although self-report data indicate a bias toward automated aids over human aids, performance data revealed that participants were more likely to disuse automated aids than to disuse human aids. This discrepancy was accounted for by assuming human operators have a "perfect automation" schema. Actual or potential applications of this research include the design of future automateddecision aids and training procedures for operators relying on such aids ( view less ) View Full Abstract View Article Details View Coded Data Related Articles Short acting insulin analogues versus regular human insulin in patients with diabetes mellitus 2006 Siebenhofer, A., Plank, J., Berghold, A., Jeitler, K., Horvath, K., Narath, M., Gfrerer, R., and Pieber, T. R. BACKGROUND: Short acting insulin analogue use for diabetic patients is still controversial, as reflected in many scientific debates. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of short acting insulin analogues versus regular human insulin. SEARCH STRATEGY: The Cochrane Library (Issue 3, 2005), MEDLINE, EMBA... ( view more )SE until September 2005. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials with an intervention duration of at least 4 weeks. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Trial selection and evaluation of study quality was done independently by two reviewers. MAIN RESULTS: Altogether 8274 participants took part in 49 randomised controlled studies. Most studies were of poor methodological quality.In patients with type 1 diabetes, the weighted mean difference (WMD) of HbA1c was -0.1% (95% CI: -0.2 to -0.1) in favour of insulin analogue, whereas in patients with type 2 diabetes the WMD was 0.0% (95% CI: -0.1 to 0.0).In subgroup analyses of different types of interventions in type 1 diabetic patients, the WMD in HbA1c was -0.2% (95% CI: -0.3 to -0.1) in favour of insulin analogue in studies using continuous subcutaneous insulin injections (CSII), whereas for conventional intensified insulin therapy (IIT) studies the WMD in HbA1c was -0.1% (95% CI: -0.1 to 0.0).The WMD of the overall mean hypoglycaemic episodes per patient per month was -0.2 (95% CI: -1.1 to 0.7) and -0.2 (95% CI: -0.5 to 0.1) for analogues in comparison to regular insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes, respectively.For studies in type 1 diabetes patients the incidence of severe hypoglycaemia ranged from 0 to 247.3 (median 21.8) episodes per 100 person-years for insulin analogues and from 0 to 544 (median 46.1) for regular insulin, in type 2 the incidence ranged from 0 to 30.3 (median 0.3) episodes per 100 person-years for insulin analogues and from 0 to 50.4 (median 1.4) for regular insulin.No study was designed to investigate possible long term effects (e.g. mortality, diabetic complications), in particular in patients with diabetes related complications. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis suggests only a minor benefit of short acting insulin analogues in the majority of diabetic patients treated with insulin. Until long term efficacy and safety data are available we suggest a cautious response to the vigorous promotion of insulin analogues. For safety purposes, we need a long-term follow-up of large numbers of patients and well designed studies in pregnant women to determine the safety profile for both the mother and the unborn child. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: Short acting insulin analogues in diabetes mellitusShort acting insulin analogues (Lispro, Aspart, Glulisine) act more quickly than regular human insulin. It can be injected immediately before meals and leads to lower blood sugar levels after food intake. Our analysis showed that short acting insulin analogues were almost identically effective to regular human insulin in long term glycaemic control and were associated with similar episodes of low blood sugar (hypoglycaemia). No information on late complications such as problems with the eyes, kidneys or feet are existing. Until long term safety data are available we suggest a cautious response to the vigorous promotion of insulin analogues ( view less ) View Full Abstract View Article Details   Related Articles P16 overexpression and human papillomavirus infection in small cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix 2003 Masumoto, N., Fujii, T., Ishikawa, M., Saito, M., Iwata, T., Fukuchi, T., Susumu, N., Mukai, M., Kubushiro, K., Tsukazaki, K., and Nozawa, S. Carcinogenesis of cervical cancer has been investigated, and p16(INK4a) overexpression in squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix has been reported as a result of infection by human papillomavirus (HPV) (eg, HPV 16), and the consequence of the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein inactivation by HPV E7 protei... ( view more )n. However, to our knowledge, there have been no studies on the relation between p16(INK4a) overexpression associated with HPV and small cell carcinoma of the cervix, which behaves more aggressively clinically than squamous cell carcinoma. The purpose of this study was to determine whether p16(INK4a) is overexpressed in small cell carcinoma, and if p16(INK4a) is overexpressed, the types of HPV that are related to this cancer. We reviewed 10 cases of small cell carcinoma and examined them for p16(INK4a) overexpression by immunohistochemistry. We also performed HPV typing with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-sequencing analysis and in situ hybridization and found that p16(INK4a) was overexpressed in every case. PCR-sequencing analyses revealed that all cases were HPV-positive and that 9 cases were positive for HPV 18. Five of the 9 cases positive for HPV 18 were also positive by in situ hybridization and yielded a punctate signal, considered to represent the integrated form. In conclusion, p16(INK4a) was overexpressed and HPV 18 was frequently detected in an integrated form in small cell carcinoma. Therefore, inactivation of Rb protein by HPV 18 E7 protein may be associated with carcinogenesis of small cell carcinoma the same as inactivation of Rb protein by HPV 16 E7 protein is associated with carcinogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma ( view less ) View Full Abstract View Article Details View Coded Data Related Articles Comparing statistical and machine learning classifiers: alternatives for predictive modeling in human factors research 2003 Carnahan, B., Meyer, G., and Kuntz, L. A. Multivariate classification models play an increasingly important role in human factors research. In the past, these models have been based primarily on discriminant analysis and logistic regression. Models developed from machine learning research offer the human factors professional a viable alter... ( view more )native to these traditional statistical classification methods. To illustrate this point, two machine learning approaches--genetic programming and decision tree induction--were used to construct classification models designed to predict whether or not a student truck driver would pass his or her commercial driver license (CDL) examination. The models were developed and validated using the curriculum scores and CDL exam performances of 37 student truck drivers who had completed a 320-hr driver training course. Results indicated that the machine learning classification models were superior to discriminant analysis and logistic regression in terms of predictive accuracy. Actual or potential applications of this research include the creation of models that more accurately predict human performance outcomes ( view less ) View Full Abstract View Article Details View Coded Data Related Articles Diversity of envelope glycoprotein from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 of recent seroconverters in Thailand 2000 McCutchan, F. E., Viputtigul, K., De Souza, M. S., Carr, J. K., Markowitz, L. E., Buapunth, P., McNeil, J. G., Robb, M. L., Nitayaphan, S., Birx, D. L., and Brown, A. E. The envelope-coding sequence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) was determined for 11 Thai seroconverters between 1995 and 1996. On the basis of the env sequences, all subjects were infected with HIV subtype E. Compared with the interpatient protein diversity among HIV-1 Thai reference ... ( view more )sequences from 1990 to 1992 (4.4%), the diversity among the 1995- 1996 seroconverters was approximately double (9.5%). The tetrapeptide tip of the V3 loop was invariant for 10 of the 11 seroconverters, and identical to that observed in sequences derived from the 1990-1992 group. However, in the V3 region, sequences from 2 of the 11 subjects demonstrated more than 5 amino acid changes relative to the reference strains. This may represent the 'aging' of the HIV epidemic seen in other endemic regions. These findings may have substantial implications for vaccine development and evaluation for both HIV antibody and cytotoxic T lymphocyte repertoire recognition ( view less ) View Full Abstract View Article Details   Related Articles Mathematical/computational challenges in creating deformable and probabilistic atlases of the human brain 2000 Thompson, P. M., Woods, R. P., Mega, M. S., and Toga, A. W. Striking variations in brain structure, especially in the gyral patterns of the human cortex, present fundamental challenges in human brain mapping. Probabilistic brain atlases, which encode information on structural and functional variability in large human populations, are powerful research tools... ( view more ) with broad applications. Knowledge-based imaging algorithms can also leverage atlased information on anatomic variation. Applications include automated image labeling, pathology detection in individuals or groups, and investigating how regional anatomy is altered in disease, and with age, gender, handedness and other clinical or genetic factors. In this report, we illustrate some of the mathematical challenges involved in constructing population-based brain atlases. A disease-specific atlas is constructed to represent the human brain in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Specialized strategies are developed for population-based averaging of anatomy. Sets of high-dimensional elastic mappings, based on the principles of continuum mechanics, reconfigure the anatomy of a large number of subjects in an anatomic image database. These mappings generate a local encoding of anatomic variability and are used to create a crisp anatomical image template with highly resolved structures in their mean spatial location. Specialized approaches are also developed to average cortical topography. Since cortical patterns are altered in a variety of diseases, gyral pattern matching is used to encode the magnitude and principal directions of local cortical variation. In the resulting cortical templates, subtle features emerge. Regional asymmetries appear that are not apparent in individual anatomies. Population-based maps of cortical variation reveal a mosaic of variability patterns that segregate sharply according to functional specialization and cytoarchitectonic boundaries ( view less ) View Full Abstract View Article Details View Coded Data Related Articles Responding to a Plethora of Views Regarding the Human Factor Theory III: Rubin and Adu-Febiri -- Re-defining the HF: An Explorative Exercise 2004 Adjibolosoo, Senyo Rubin & Adu-Febiri, after having reviewed the human factor concept argue that this concept must not necessarily be adopted wholly. To them, since the human factor is a social attribute, it does not reside in the human personality. By attempting a redefinition for the original human factor concept, ... ( view more )they present a definition for capacity building. In their view, this new definition is a better representation of the human factor concept. Using their new definition for the human factor concept, they attempt a reclassification for the various dimensions of the human factor In this response paper, I argue that Rubin & Adu-Febiri's re-definition of & reclassification for the human factor are misguided, misleading, & unacceptable. Thus, to accept their redefinition is tantamount to embracing a view I have consistently rejected. 2 References. Adapted from the source document ( view less ) View Full Abstract View Article Details   Related Articles Assisted suicide under the European Convention on Human Rights: a critique. 2003 Dan Morris In a high profile case, a terminally ill woman, Diane Pretty, challenged the United Kingdom prohibition on assisted suicide as incompatible with certain fundamental rights which are guaranteed under the European Convention on Human Rights. Mrs Pretty's battle was ultimately unsuccessful, with a tot... ( view more )al of three courts and 15 judges ruling against her. Such unanimity of opinion might well be thought to represent the coup de grace for arguments about the right to assistance in death under European human rights law. However, in this article it is suggested that, in limited circumstances, such assistance might yet still be possible under the Constitution. ( view less ) View Full Abstract View Article Details View Coded Data Related Articles HIV/AIDS, prisons and the Human Rights Act. 2001 H Arnott This article considers current practice in the treatment of HIV positive prisoners, in light of the rights contained in the Human Rights Act, and of international standards. In particular, the article considers the current practice of the prison service in relation to measures to prevent the spread... ( view more ) of HIV, including the provision of condoms, and needle exchange programmes, and considers the extent of positive obligations on the prison service to take such preventative measures. The adequacy of medical care available to HIV positive prisoners, and the obligations on the prison service in relation to medical confidentiality, are also examined. The author assesses the possibilities for legal challenges under the Human Rights Act, and suggests that the Convention may be a useful tool for policy development in this area. ( view less ) View Full Abstract View Article Details View Coded Data Related Articles Human versus automation in responding to failures: an expected-value analysis. 2000 T B Sheridan,R Parasuraman A simple analytical criterion is provided for deciding whether a human or automation is best for a failure detection task. The method is based on expected-value decision theory in much the same way as is signal detection. It requires specification of the probabilities of misses (false negatives) an... ( view more )d false alarms (false positives) for both human and automation being considered, as well as factors independent of the choice--namely, costs and benefits of incorrect and correct decisions as well as the prior probability of failure. The method can also serve as a basis for comparing different modes of automation. Some limiting cases of application are discussed, as are some decision criteria other than expected value. Actual or potential applications include the design and evaluation of any system in which either humans or automation are being considered. ( view less ) View Full Abstract View Article Details View Coded Data Related Articles Human rights aspects of transsexualism. 1999 G Niveau,M Ummel,T Harding The problem of changing the civil status of transsexuals has been tackled in different ways in various European countries. Six applications made by transsexuals have led to judgments by the European Court of Human Rights. These cases illuminate some specific aspects of the relationships between hea... ( view more )lth, law, and human rights, including criteria used to determine gender and the impact of authorities' refusal to modify civil status, which may be seen as violating the right to be free from inhuman or degrading treatment; respect for the private and family life of transsexuals; and the right to marry. Only one Court decision found a State party (France) to be in violation of the ECHR for refusing a transsexual the right to change civil status. This judgment, however, has left open a number of outstanding issues. ( view less ) View Full Abstract View Article Details View Coded Data Related Articles Human and team performance in extreme environments: Antarctica. Sep 1998 J Stuster Analogous experience is often instructive when attempting to understand human behavior in extreme environments. The current paper refers to the experiences of polar explorers and remote duty personnel to help identify the factors that influence individual and team performance when small groups are ... ( view more )isolated and confined for long durations. The principal factors discussed include organizational structure, intracrew communications, interpersonal relations, leadership style, personnel selection, and training. Behavioral implications also are addressed for the design of procedures and equipment to facilitate sustained individual and group performance under conditions of isolation and confinement. To be consistent with the theme of the symposium, this paper emphasizes the crew requirements for an international expedition to Mars. ( view less ) View Full Abstract View Article Details View Coded Data Related Articles Behavioral genetics '97: ASHG statement. Recent developments in human behavioral genetics: past accomplishments and future directions. Jun 1997 S L Sherman,J C DeFries,I I Gottesman,J C Loehlin,J M Meyer,M Z Pelias,J Rice,I Waldman The field of behavioral genetics has enormous potential to uncover both genetic and environmental influences on normal and deviant behavior. Behavioral-genetic methods are based on a solid foundation of theories and methods that successfully have delineated components of complex traits in plants an... ( view more )d animals. New resources are now available to dissect the genetic component of these complex traits. As specific genes are identified, we can begin to explore how these interact with environmental factors in development. How we interpret such findings, how we ask new questions, how we celebrate the knowledge, and how we use or misuse this knowledge are all important considerations. These issues are pervasive in all areas of human research, and they are especially salient in human behavioral genetics. 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